Inver Hills A&P. Final Exam 2

Question 4

Inver Hills A&P. Final Exam 2. List 4 differences between mitosis and meiosis.

• Answer:
  1. Purpose and Location: Mitosis occurs in somatic (body) cells for growth and tissue repair, while meiosis occurs in germ cells to produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
  2. Number of Divisions: Mitosis involves only one single round of cell division, whereas meiosis involves two successive rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II).
  3. Genetic Composition: Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells due to crossing over.
  4. Chromosome Count: Mitosis maintains the diploid (2n) chromosome number in daughter cells, whereas meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid (n) daughter cells.

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Question 5

Answer all three parts of the question.

A) Given the following values, calculate net filtration pressure in this portion of the capillary. HPc = 14 mmHg, HPif = 0 mmHg, OPc = 25 mmHg, OPif = 1 mm Hg.

B) If a patient has a severed lymph duct (and protein accumulates in the interstitial fluid), which value changes (include the direction)?

C) Based on your answer in part B, what is one outcome of the severed lymph duct? Notes: there are MANY correct answers to part C.

• Answer:
  • A) -10 mmHg (Calculated as: (14 – 0) – (25 – 1) = 14 – 24 = -10 mmHg)
  • B) OPif (Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure) increases
  • C) Edema (tissue swelling due to fluid accumulation in the interstitial space)

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Question 6

Place the following events in the order they occur during male sexual arousal. Some events could be considered to occur at the same time, so I will accept multiple variations of a correct answer. LASTLY, state which event would be most immediately affected by stress induced erectile dysfunction.

A) PNS turns on B) ejaculation C) erection occurs D) SNS turns on slowly E) PNS turns off completely

• Answer:
  • Correct Order: A -> C -> D -> B -> E (PNS turns on -> erection occurs -> SNS turns on slowly -> ejaculation -> PNS turns off completely)
  • Event most immediately affected by stress: A) PNS turns on (Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, which inhibits parasympathetic activation needed to initiate the process).

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Question 7

Place the following events in order AND chose the correct word from the pair of words in parentheses.

When inhaling: A) air moves (in/out) B) diaphragm (contracts/relaxes) C) Intrapulmonary pressure (increases/decreases) D) Volume of the thorax (increases/decreases)

• Answer:
  • Correct Order and Selections: B -> D -> C -> A
  1. B) diaphragm (contracts)
  2. D) Volume of the thorax (increases)
  3. C) Intrapulmonary pressure (decreases)
  4. A) air moves (in)

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Question 8

Answer the following TWO questions:

1. A creatinine molecule starts in the glomerulus. List ALL of the structures the creatinine molecule passes through until it either leaves the body or returns to the blood. Be specific.
2. A glucose molecule starts in the glomerulus. List ALL of the structures the glucose molecule passes through until it either leaves the body or returns to the blood. Be specific. Inver Hills A&P. Final Exam 2

• Answer:
  • 1) Creatinine Path (leaves the body): Glomerulus -> Bowman’s Capsule -> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) -> Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle) -> Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) -> Collecting Duct -> Papillary Duct -> Minor Calyx -> Major Calyx -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter -> Urinary Bladder -> Urethra.
  • 2) Glucose Path (returns to the blood): Glomerulus -> Bowman’s Capsule -> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) -> Peritubular Capillaries (reabsorbed back into the blood).

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Question 9

Think of the systems we have studied in this course and their interactions. For example, the respiratory system and urinary system interact to keep blood pH in balance. DESCRIBE a process in which THREE or more systems work together, explaining the role of each system in that process. Note: there are MANY, MANY correct answers. Do NOT leave this blank! It shows a great depth of understanding of course material to bring three systems together.

• Answer: The fight-or-flight response is a process where the Nervous System triggers an immediate reaction by sending electrical signals from the hypothalamus to the adrenal glands. This causes the Endocrine System to release hormones like epinephrine into the blood to sustain and intensify the body’s physical state. At the same time, the Respiratory System responds by dilating the airways to increase oxygen intake, ensuring the muscles are ready for physical exertion. Inver Hills A&P. Final Exam 2