Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam

Question 1

Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam. Which mechanism is most directly involved in regulating blood pressure by altering blood volume?

• The Frank-Starling mechanism
• The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
• The Hering-Breuer reflex
• The baroreceptor reflex in isolation
• The Bohr effect

Question 2

Fluid balance plays a minor role in regulating blood pressure because blood pressure is solely controlled by the nervous system.

• True
• False

Question 3

Which clinical assessment for hydration status measures how long it takes for blood to re-perfuse tissue after pressure is applied?

• Heart rate
• Capillary refill time
• Respiratory rate
• Mucous membrane moisture
• Blood pressure
• Skin turgor

Question 4

A patient has been in a long-term health care facility and has been given IV fluids. A clinician evaluates a patient and notes peripheral edema, and hypertension. What does this indicate about the patient’s hydration status?

• Dehydrated
• Overhydrated
• Normal

Question 5

How does an increased respiratory rate help compensate for metabolic acidosis in dehydration?

• By increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the blood
• By reducing CO₂ levels, which decreases carbonic acid concentration and raises pH
• By decreasing the blood pH further
• By directly increasing blood volume

Question 6

If plasma osmolality changes, it can affect the fluid balance in the body’s cells and tissues.

• True
• False

Question 7

An elderly patient is found to have hypernatremia. What would the interstitial fluid be classified as, and what would be the expected observation of tissue cells?

• Isotonic; no change to the cells
• Hypotonic; crenation
• Hypertonic; crenation
• Hypotonic; swelling or lysis
• Hypertonic; swelling or lysis

Question 8

The lab demonstrated an experiment where the volunteer exhaled into a basic solution with a pH indicator. Student A tries taking deep, slow breaths to drive the reaction, while Student B tries holding their breath, and then expiring. Student B’s strategy drops the pH of the solution more quickly than Student A’s. What is the best explanation for why?

• Deep, slow breaths cause CO₂ to be reabsorbed before exhalation.
• Holding one’s breath allows more time for CO₂ to accumulate in the lungs and then be expired.
• Deep, slow breaths increase oxygen levels, which neutralizes CO₂.
• Deep, slow breaths lower the overall CO₂ concentration in the blood.
• Holding one’s breath increases bicarbonate, which is expired into the solution changing the pH.

Question 9

When water molecules bind to solute molecules forming a “shell,” they are referred to as:

• Free water
• Ionized water
• Osmotically active water
• Solute-bound water, which is not available for movement
• Hydrated water

Question 10

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete hydrogen ions effectively. How will the respiratory system respond? What is the acid/base disturbance? How will respiratory compensation shift the reaction? CO₂ + H₂O ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺

• Hyperventilation, metabolic alkalosis, equation shifts right
• Hypoventilation, metabolic alkalosis, equation shifts left
• Hypoventilation, metabolic acidosis, equation shifts right
• Hyperventilation, metabolic acidosis, equation shifts left Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam

Question 11

When hydrogen ion concentration increases in the extracellular fluid, it binds to bicarbonate, forming carbonic acid, which shifts the equation to the left.

• True
• False

Question 12

Hyperventilation causes CO₂ levels to decrease, shifting the equation (CO₂ + H₂O ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺) to the left and leading to a decrease in H⁺ concentration and an increase in pH.

• True
• False

Question 13

Give one example of how fluid balance is important to digestion.

• Fluid balance provides the necessary water for the production of digestive secretions, such as saliva and gastric juices, which help dissolve and break down food particles.

Question 14

_______ is produced during aerobic respiration in cells and is a waste product. Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam

• Carbon dioxide

Question 15

Although it doesn’t meet the technical definition of a nutrient, water is considered one because it:

• Contains amino acids.
• Helps regulate mood.
• Is crucial for physiological processes.
• Acts as a source of dietary fiber.

Question 16

How do feedback systems in the body relate to aqueous solutions?

• They continuously adjust the concentrations of solutes in these solutions
• They produce solid minerals for bones
• They regulate DNA replication in cells
• They prevent water from entering cells

Question 17

Cell membranes in the human body act as semipermeable membranes that can create osmotic gradients.

• True
• False

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

• Interstitial fluid
• Intracellular fluid
• Plasma
• Fluid surrounding body cells

Question 19

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to maintain high levels of sodium inside the cell and high levels of potassium outside the cell.

• True
• False

Question 20

Which of the following statements accurately describes typical adult daily water intake and loss?

• Most water intake occurs through metabolic processes, not ingestion.
• Metabolic water contributes approximately 300 mL to daily water intake.
• The kidneys have no role in regulating blood volume through water retention or elimination.
• Adults consume 3000 mL of fluids daily and lose most of it through insensible water loss.

Question 21

What triggers the sensation of thirst in a dehydrated individual?

• Loss of water through sweat and breath
• Reduced urine concentration
• Increase in blood plasma volume
• Higher concentration of solutes in the blood

Question 22

What leads to the activation of the thirst center in the hypothalamus?

• Increased saliva production and full stomach
• High plasma volume and low osmolality
• Increased plasma osmolality and decreased blood pressure
• Decreased sodium concentration in the blood

Question 23

How does the hypothalamus respond when ECF volume rises?

• By promoting aldosterone synthesis
• By reducing thirst and inhibiting ADH secretion
• By stimulating thirst and ADH release
• By increasing epinephrine secretion

Question 24

The kidneys play a role in adjusting fluid balance after excessive fluid intake by increasing urine production.

• True
• False

Question 25

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland?

• Elevated phosphate levels in the blood
• Decreased blood calcium levels Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam
• Increased blood calcium levels
• Increased vitamin D concentration

Question 26

What is the primary effect of calcitonin on blood calcium levels?

• It increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts
• It decreases blood calcium by increasing osteoblast activity
• It increases blood calcium by decreasing osteoblast activity
• It has no effect on blood calcium levels

Question 27

What does a pH value below 7 indicate about a solution?

• It is an acidic solution with a high concentration of H⁺ ions.
• It is a basic solution with excess OH⁻ ions.
• It is neutral and has equal concentrations of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions.
• It is an unstable solution with fluctuating pH.

Question 28

What is the primary role of a buffer in bodily fluids?

• To maintain constant oxygen levels
• To regulate blood pressure
• To prevent drastic shifts in pH
• To break down weak acids and bases

Question 29

Compared to a strong acid, a weak acid: Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam

• Releases a high concentration of H⁺ ions
• Completely ionizes in water
• Is more corrosive
• Has a higher pH in solution

Question 30

What happens when hydrogen ions are added to a buffer system?

• The buffer raises the pH of the solution
• The buffer converts hydrogen ions into hydroxide ions
• The buffer forms more weak acid, storing the hydrogen ions
• The buffer system immediately excretes them via the kidneys

Question 31

How does the body compensate for acidosis caused by hypoventilation?

• By exhaling less CO₂
• By rebreathing into a paper bag
• By decreasing the respiratory rate
• By increasing breathing rate and depth

Question 32

A patient taking high doses of barbiturates is at risk for developing which condition due to reduced respiratory function?

• Hypoxia
• Hyperthermia
• Hypercapnia
• Hypocapnia

Question 33

CO₂ levels remain normal in respiratory acid-base disorders because the kidneys immediately correct the imbalance.

• True
• False

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the human body?

• Regulates body temperature
• Aids in waste removal
• Facilitates digestion and nutrient absorption
• Promotes bone mineralization

Question 35

Which statement best explains why the concentration of substances must be regulated in the human body?

• To support external temperature changes Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam
• To ensure proper chemical reactions occur without disruption
• To allow for body growth

Question 36

What happens when too much water enters a cell?

• The cell stores it as glycogen
• The cell undergoes lysis and may be destroyed
• The cell dehydrates and shrinks
• The water is excreted immediately

Question 37

What separates cells from the interstitial fluid (IF), allowing regulated exchange of materials?

• Blood vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Selectively permeable cell membrane
• Synovial membrane

Question 38

Which pressure is primarily responsible for moving fluid out of capillaries at the arteriolar end?

• Atmospheric pressure
• Hydrostatic pressure
• Colloid pressure
• Osmotic pressure

Question 39

In the body, water moves only from plasma to intracellular fluid, not in the reverse direction.

• True
• False

Question 40

What is the primary reason that water balance affects blood pressure?

• Water dilutes enzymes responsible for vasoconstriction.
• Water determines blood volume, which influences blood pressure.
• Water controls the nervous system’s regulation of the heart.
• Water increases muscle contractions in blood vessels.

Question 41

Which statement about plasma osmolality is true?

• It varies greatly in healthy individuals.
• It measures the volume of blood plasma only.
• It has no relationship to hydration status.
• It is influenced by the balance of solutes and water in the blood.

Question 42

Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure, ultimately leading to angiotensin II production?

• Aldosterone
• Cortisol
• Renin
• ADH

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a function of electrolytes in the human body?

• Stabilizing enzyme protein structures
• Storing excess energy as fat
• Transmitting electrical signals in neurons
• Aiding in hormone release from glands

Question 44

Which of the following best describes how carbonic acid levels in the blood are regulated?

• By the kidneys excreting excess carbonic acid Portage Learning; A&P Module 8 Exam
• By cellular uptake of carbon dioxide
• By converting carbonic acid to oxygen
• By exhalation of carbon dioxide through the lungs

Question 45

What triggers the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys?

• Increased blood volume
• High blood pressure
• Decreased blood pressure
• Elevated blood oxygen levels

Question 46

What acid-base imbalance can occur from persistent vomiting, where there is a loss of stomach acid?

• Metabolic acidosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis

Question 47

The _______ act as the secondary line of defense against acid-base imbalances, working more _______ than the respiratory system.

• Kidneys; slowly
• Kidneys; quickly
• Buffer systems; slowly
• Buffer systems; quickly