Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam

Question 8

Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam. Which of the following is the normal specific gravity range of urine?

• 1.005 – 1.025 (Correct Answer)
• 1.030 – 1.050
• 1.000 – 1.005
• 1.025 – 1.050
• 1.000 – 1.010

Question 9

The kidney filtration experiment demonstrated that sodium ions could diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane via active transport.

• True
• False (Correct Answer)

Question 10

The kidneys are located on the ventral side of the body in the superior lumbar region.

• True
• False (Correct Answer)

Question 11

The renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta, and the left renal artery is longer than the right.

• True
• False (Correct Answer)

Question 12

The ureteric orifices always remain open ensuring passage of urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

• True
• False (Correct Answer)

Question 13

A patient’s urine has a pH of 7.5. Does this indicate a normal or abnormal urinalysis?

• Normal (Correct Answer)
• Abnormal

Urinalysis pH Question

A patient had a urinalysis completed and pH was checked. Is the pH as indicated by the strip of paper to the right of the chart indicative of a normal pH?

• No, a urine pH of 9 is abnormal because it exceeds the normal range of 4.6-8.0. (Correct Answer)
• No, a urine pH of 11 is abnormal because it exceeds the range of 4.6-8.0.
• No, a urine pH of 3 is abnormal because it is below the normal pH range of 4.6-8.0.
• Yes, a urine pH of 7.0 is normal because it falls within the normal range of 7.35-7.45.
• Yes, a urine pH of 6 is within the normal range because the normal pH range is 4.6-8.0.

Urinalysis Dipstick Interpretation

Above is the result of a patient’s urinalysis that looks for protein and glucose in the urine. The dip stick on the left is a control to show what a normal sample looks like. The dip stick on the right is the patient’s result. How can this test be interpreted?

• The patient’s test is positive for both glucose and protein in the urine.
• The patient’s test is the same as the control, so the patient does not have protein or glucose in their urine.
• The patient’s test is normal for protein, but positive for glucose indicating kidney disease.
• The patient’s test is normal for protein, but positive for glucose indicating diabetes. (Correct Answer)
• The patient’s test is normal for glucose, but positive for protein indicating diabetes.
• The patient’s test is normal for glucose, but positive for protein indicating kidney disease.

Question 16

From the glomerulus blood flows into the:

• Afferent arteriole
• Interlobar vein
• Arcuate vein
• Efferent arteriole (Correct Answer) Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam.
• Peritubular capillaries

Question 17

__________ are structures that separate the renal pyramids and are made of tissue similar to the renal cortex.

• Correct Answer: Renal columns

Question 18

The structures of the urinary tract are lined with a __________ epithelium.

• Correct Answer: Transitional

Question 19

The part of the male urethra that passes through the penis called the __________ urethra.

• Correct Answer: Spongy (or penile)

Question 20

Of the approximately 180 L of fluid filtered by the kidneys each day, less than ______ becomes urine.

• 5%
• 10%
• 2%
• 1% (Correct Answer)

Question 21

The two structural components of a nephron are the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule.

• True (Correct Answer)
• False

Question 22

The efferent arteriole is responsible for _____ blood from the glomerulus.

• Draining (Correct Answer)
• Converting
• Absorbing
• Filtering

Question 23

The fenestrated endothelium contains pores that allow small molecules to pass through but prevent the filtration of __________.

• Glucose
• Blood cells (Correct Answer)
• Ions
• Water

Question 24

__________ mesangial cells, found in the JGA, contract and relax to influence the glomerular filtration rate.

• Vascular
• Cortical
• Peritubular
• Extraglomerular (Correct Answer)

Question 25

Secondary active transport in the PCT uses the energy stored in one molecule’s gradient to move another molecule against its gradient.

• True (Correct Answer)Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam.
• False

Question 26

The thin descending and thick ascending limbs of the nephron loop are continuous parts of the same tubule.

• True (Correct Answer)
• False

Question 27

The DCT is formed by simple squamous epithelium.

• True
• False (Correct Answer)

Question 28

After the papillary duct, the fluid flows into a minor calyx, then a major calyx, followed by the ______.

• Urethra
• Renal pelvis (Correct Answer)
• Proximal tubule
• Loop of Henle

Question 29

Which of the following is the enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells that initiates the RAAS cascade?

• ACE
• Aldosterone
• Renin (Correct Answer)
• Angiotensinogen

Question 30

Coffee, tea, and alcohol can increase urination because they act as diuretics.

• True (Correct Answer)
• False

Question 31

Once blood is filtered through the glomerulus and enters the capsule, it becomes __________.

• Urine
• Filtrate (Correct Answer)
• Plasma
• Tubular fluid

Question 32

The filtrate created by the renal corpuscle differs from blood primarily because it lacks __________.

• Water and solutes
• Sodium and potassium
• Cells and large proteins (Correct Answer)
• Glucose and amino acids

Question 33

Water follows solute movement from the PCT lumen into the interstitial space through __________.

• Symporters
• Aquaporin water channels (Correct Answer)
• Simple diffusion
• Enzyme-linked pumps

Question 34

The active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl− in the ascending loop creates a ______ environment in the renal medulla.

• Hypoosmotic
• Isotonic
• Hyperosmotic (Correct Answer)
• Neutral

Question 35

In the absence of ADH, aquaporin channels are still inserted in the DCT and collecting ducts.

• True
• False (Correct Answer)

Question 36

Principal cells in the collecting ducts are responsible for the regulation of __________.

• Calcium and phosphate
• Sodium and potassium (Correct Answer) Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam.
• Bicarbonate and chloride
• Glucose and urea

Question 37

As urine is formed, it drains from the calyces into the funnel-shaped __________ .

• Renal cortex
• Renal pelvis (Correct Answer)
• Ureter
• Collecting duct

Question 38

The interior lining of the bladder is composed of __________ epithelium, which can change shape based on bladder fullness. Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam.

• Streamlined cuboidal
• Stratified transitional (Correct Answer)
• Pseudostratified columnar
• Simple squamous

Question 39

The internal urinary sphincter is composed of involuntary smooth muscle, while the external urinary sphincter is composed of __________ .

• Transitional epithelium
• Cardiac muscle
• Involuntary smooth muscle
• Voluntary skeletal muscle (Correct Answer)

Question 40

Beyond waste removal, what is another vital role of the urinary system?

• Initiating muscle contraction
• Breaking down carbohydrates
• Regulating pH balance (Correct Answer)
• Transporting nerve signals

Question 41

An increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) typically leads to:

• Reduced blood pressure
• Decreased urine production
• Increased urine production (Correct Answer)
• No change in urine volume

Question 42

Which of the following conditions is most likely to stimulate the release of ANP?

• Decreased blood volume
• Excessive sodium loss
• High atrial pressure due to fluid overload (Correct Answer)
• Dehydration

Question 43

How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?

• It only transports lipid-soluble molecules.
• It allows for the passive movement of water.
• It moves solutes from low to high concentration.
• It requires membrane-bound transport proteins. (Correct Answer)

Question 44

Which of the following statements accurately describes a feature of carrier-mediated transport in urine formation?

• Transport maximum (Tm​) determines the renal threshold of a substance. (Correct Answer)
• Specific substrates bind to any available carrier protein to cross the membrane.
• Increasing concentration always increases reabsorption rate.
• Carrier proteins can only function on the basal surface of the cell.

Question 45

Which of the following substances is most likely to have a transport maximum (Tm​) involved in its reabsorption?

• Urea
• Creatinine
• Glucose after a large meal (Correct Answer)
• Sodium

Question 46

The sodium-potassium pump operates on the apical side of the renal tubular cells to directly transport glucose into the bloodstream.

• True
• False (Correct Answer)

Question 47

Why is renal clearance considered an important diagnostic tool?

• It assesses kidney function by quantifying the removal of substances from plasma (Correct Answer)
• It measures the rate of blood cell production in bone marrow
• It identifies lung capacity and respiratory volume
• It reveals the liver’s role in bile production

Question 48

Which of the following best explains how alcohol acts as a diuretic? Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam.

• It blocks the Na+/Cl− symporter in the distal convoluted tubule
• It promotes vasodilation in the nephron, increasing GFR
• It stimulates ADH release, leading to more water retention
• It inhibits ADH release, decreasing water reabsorption in the collecting duct (Correct Answer)

Question 49

Which structural feature of the glomerular filtration barrier prevents proteins and blood cells from entering Bowman’s capsule?

• Absence of blood supply in Bowman’s capsule
• Semipermeable walls of the renal tubule
• Active protein pumps
• Podocyte processes and capillary endothelial fenestrations (Correct Answer)

Question 50

Which component of the NFP equation directly reflects the pressure that promotes filtration in the glomerulus?

• CHP
• BCOP
• MAP
• GHP (Correct Answer)

Question 51

Why is the medullary interstitium hypertonic in the kidneys?

• Due to ion reabsorption in the ascending limb and urea recycling (Correct Answer)
• Due to passive filtration of all solutes
• Due to protein digestion by nephron enzymes
• Due to water secretion from the collecting ducts

Question 52

What role does urea play in the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine?

• It contributes to the medullary osmotic gradient through recycling (Correct Answer)
• It actively pumps water out of the descending limb
• It triggers the insertion of aquaporins in the collecting duct
• It decreases the osmolarity of the medullary interstitium

Question 53

Which of the following best describes tubular reabsorption?

• Movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate
• Filtration of blood cells at the glomerulus
• Removal of useful substances from filtrate into blood (Correct Answer)
• Excretion of urine from the bladder

Question 54

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is influenced by surface area, membrane permeability, and net filtration pressure.

• True (Correct Answer)
• False

Question 55

Why does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remain relatively stable during exercise or rest?

• Systemic blood pressure never changes enough to affect filtration Portage Learning; BIOL 252 Module 7 Exam.
• Intrinsic controls like myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback adjust afferent arteriole tone (Correct Answer)
• The endocrine system completely shuts down kidney function during exercise
• Heavy breathing directly compresses the kidneys to regulate pressure

Question 56

During sympathetic stimulation, which hormone contributes to vasoconstriction of the kidney’s afferent arterioles?

• ANP
• Epinephrine (Correct Answer)
• ADH
• Aldosterone

Question 57

What effect does aldosterone have on the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

• It decreases water reabsorption by removing aquaporins
• It increases GFR by dilating the afferent arteriole
• It inserts sodium-potassium pumps to retain sodium and excrete potassium (Correct Answer)
• It stimulates the filtration of large proteins