Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology. Which letter is labelling the apex of the nose?

• A
• D
• B
• E
• C

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Question 2

Which structures belong to the upper respiratory tract?

• Mouth, nose, sinuses, and pharynx
• Trachea and lungs
• Lungs and bronchi
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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Question 3

What is the function of goblet cells in the nasal cavity?

• Producing mucus to trap particles
• Stimulating the sneeze reflex
• Moving mucus with cilia
• Warming incoming air

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Question 7

Match the statements to their correct answers.

• Secondary branches of the bronchi leading to lung lobes: Lobar bronchi
• Tertiary branches of the bronchi serving bronchopulmonary segments: Segmental bronchi
• Smaller airways with no cartilage in their walls: Bronchioles
• Smallest airways in the conducting zone: Terminal bronchioles
• Space between the visceral and parietal pleura: Pleural cavity

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Question 8

Which of the following structures does not belong grouped with the others?

• Alveoli
• Carina
• Pulmonary arteries Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology
• Oblique fissure
• Horizontal fissure

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Question 9

The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, allowing for gas exchange between air and blood.

• True
• False

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Question 10

Which of the following statements about Boyle’s Law is FALSE?

• Pressure increases when thoracic cavity volume decreases.
• If thoracic cavity volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases.
• It describes how gas exchange occurs at the alveolar membrane.
• It explains the inverse relationship between pressure and volumes in gases.
• Gas flows into the lungs when pressure decreases.

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Question 11

Which primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical?

• It depends on the individual
• Left
• Both are equal in size and shape
• Right
• Neither- they are symmetrical

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Question 12

What is the name of the smallest airways in the conducting zone?

• Alveolar ducts
• Alveolar sacs
• Terminal bronchioles
• Segmental bronchi
• Respiratory bronchioles

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Question 13

What does the FEV1/FVC ratio represent?

• The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation
• The difference between FRC and IC
• The total volume of air forcibly exhaled in one second
• The sum of IRV and ERV
• The percentage of FVC expired in one second

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Question 14

Tachypnea is a condition characterized by rapid breathing, typically greater than 20 breaths per minute in an adult.

• True
• False

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Question 15

Which section of the pharynx contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

• A (Nasopharynx)
• B
• C

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Question 16

A 65-year-old man with a history of smoking presents with chronic coughing and sputum production. A biopsy of the tracheal lining shows an absence of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Which structure is most directly impaired in this condition?

• Goblet cells
• Hyaline cartilage rings
• Alveolar ducts
• Mucociliary escalator
• Trachealis muscle

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Question 20

The __________ serves as a passageway for air for the nasal cavity to the larynx.

• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Esophagus
• Pharynx

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Question 21

At rest, the epiglottis is an __________ position, allowing air to enter the larynx and trachea.

• Downward
• Closed
• Upward
• Horizontal

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Question 22

The __________ lining the trachea move mucus and trapped particles up towards the pharynx. Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology

• Bronchioles
• Pleura
• Cilia
• Alveoli

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Question 23

Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and __________.

• Trachea
• Pharynx
• Alveoli
• Larynx

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Question 24

The pleural cavity is filled with __________, which is produced by the epithelium.

• Surfactant
• Plasma
• Mucus
• Serous fluid

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Question 25

The conducting zone of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange.

• True
• False

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Question 26

__________ cells in the respiratory epithelium produce mucus to trap debris.

• Alveolar
• Goblet
• Basal
• Squamous

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Question 27

An alveolus is approximately __________ in diameter, with elastic walls that allow it to stretch during air intake.

• 50 μm
• 200 μm
• 10 μm
• 500 μm

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Question 28

The respiratory membrane is approximately __________ thick and allows gases to cross by simple diffusion.

• 1 mm
• 0.5 μm
• 25 nm
• 5 mm

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Question 29

A pressure that is equal to atmospheric pressure is expressed as zero.

• True
• False

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Question 30

The intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures help to hold the lungs open.

• True
• False

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Question 31

Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology In costal breathing, inhalation occurs when the external intercostal muscles contract and __________ the ribs.

• Lower
• Expand
• Elevate
• Rotate

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Question 32

Under normal conditions, the pleural space has __________ pressure, which helps keep the lungs inflated.

• Positive
• Neutral
• High
• Negative

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Question 33

An imbalance in ventilation and perfusion can be caused by factors such as regional gravity effects on blood, blocked alveolar ducts, or __________.

• High glucose levels
• Disease
• Increased heart rate
• Elevated pH

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Question 34

For gas exchange to be efficient, the volumes involved in ventilation and perfusion should be compatible.

• True
• False

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Question 35

Only about __________ of the total oxygen transported in the bloodstream is dissolved directly in the blood.

• 25%
• 50%
• 1.5%
• 10%

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Question 36

Each hemoglobin subunit contains an iron atom bound to the __________ in the center of the subunit.

• Heme
• Myoglobin
• Globin
• Plasma

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Question 37

What happens to respiratory rate when oxygen demands increase?

• It stops
• It remains the same
• It increases
• It decreases

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Question 38

An increase in pneumotaxi output __________ the pace of respiration by shortening the duration of inhalation.

• Slows
• Speeds up Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology
• Stops
• Weakens

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Question 39

Chemoreceptors are responsible for sensing concentrations of chemicals in the body.

• True
• False

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Question 40

What role does the respiratory system play in cellular respiration?

• It supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology
• It digests nutrients to release glucose
• It stores energy in the form of fat
• It produces ATP directly for cells

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Question 41

Which of the following best explains why males typically have deeper voices than females?

• They have shorter vocal cords.
• They have larger vestibular folds.
• They move less air through their vocal cords.
• They have a smaller oral cavity.
• They have longer, thicker vocal cords. (Correct physiological answer)

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Question 42

Which system is primarily responsibel for bronchodilation in the lungs?

• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Digestive system
• Endocrine system
• Sympathetic nervous system

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Question 43

Breathing is also known as pulmonary ventilation.

• True
• False

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Question 44

Why is gas transport essential in the respiratory cycle?

• To remove waste products through the skin
• To allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to reach and leave body tissues
• To move nutrients between tissues
• To circulate white blood cells

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Question 45

What is the primary consequence of abnormalities in oxygen delivery to tissues?

• Elevated oxygen levels in the blood
• Hypoxia, which can lead to cell death and organ damage
• Increased metabolic activity
• Enhanced tissue repair

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Question 46

Tidal volume refers to:

• The volume of air exchanged in a single breath
• The air that remains in the lungs after forced exhalation
• The total capacity of the lungs

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Question 47

What substance is produced by Type II alveolar cells to prevent the collapse of alveoli?

• Surfactant

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Question 48

Which structure is known as the voice box?

• Larynx

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Question 49

What type of tissue makes up the wall of the alveoli?

• Simple squamous epithelium

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Question 50

Which cells are responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

• Type I alveolar cells (Note: Question 50 specifically asks for the role; while Type II produce surfactant, Type I form the structure for exchange).

Question 46

Tidal volume refers to:

• The volume of air exchanged in a single breath
• The air that remains in the lungs after forced exhalation
• The total capacity of the lungs
• The oxygen absorbed by the blood per minute

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Question 47

Which statement is true about intrapleural pressure (Pip)?

• It is usually equal to intra-alveolar pressure.
• It is always higher than atmospheric pressure.
• It is consistently lower than both intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressure.
• It does not change during the breathing cycle.

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Question 48

Why must inspiratory muscles be strong during breathing?

• To reduce airway resistance
• To create a pressure gradient that overcomes resistance
• To stop the flow of gases into the lungs
• To increase the elasticity of the lungs

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Question 49

Which gas law principle explains that each gas in a mixture contributes to the total pressure independently?

• Dalton’s Law
• Boyle’s Law
• Charles’s Law Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology
• Henry’s Law

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Question 50

What role does partial pressure of oxygen play in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

• It triggers the release of bicarbonate ions
• It regulates red blood cell production
• It determines how much oxygen dissolves in plasma
• It influences how strongly hemoglobin binds or releases oxygen

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Question 51

What primarily controls the respiratory rate in the human body?

• The diaphragm
• The lungs
• The heart
• The respiratory centers in the brainstem

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Question 52

What is the primary function of the inflation reflex in the Hering-Breuer mechanism?

• To prevent the overexpansion of the lungs during inhalation
• To maintain constant lung volume regardless of activity level
• To stimulate continued inhalation during quiet breathing
• To increase expiratory center activity during normal breathing

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Question 53

If two containers of gas at constant temperature have volumes 1 liter and 2 liters, how does their pressure compare according to Boyle’s Law?

• The pressure is the same in both containers
• Pressure cannot be compared without knowing temperature
• The 2-liter container has twice the pressure of the 1-liter container
• The 1-liter container has twice the pressure of the 2-liter container

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Question 54

What happens to airway resistance when bronchioles constrict?

• Resistance increases
• Resistance remains unchanged
• Resistance decreases
• Resistance is eliminated Portage Learning BIOL 252. Anatomy and Physiology

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Question 55

According to Charles’s Law, what happens to the volume of a gas when its temperature increases, assuming constant pressure?

• The pressure increases
• The volume increases
• The volume decreases
• The volume remains the same

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Question 56

According to Henry’s Law, decreasing the pressure of a gas causes more gas to dissolve in a liquid.

• True
• False

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Question 57

What is the primary factor that drives oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries?

• Active transport mechanisms in the alveolar walls
• High solubility of oxygen in alveolar fluid
• A steep gradient in partial pressure of oxygen
• The presence of bicarbonate ions in the blood

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Question 58

Which of the following best describes the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues during internal respiration?

• Higher than in the blood, allowing for oxygen uptake
• Equal to the partial pressure in arterial blood
• Approximately 40 mmHg due to ongoing cellular respiration
• Approximately 95 mmHg

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Question 59

Which of the following statements best describes how temperature affects oxygen release from hemoglobin?

• Lower temperatures increase oxygen unloading
• Higher temperature inhibit oxygen dissociation
• Temperature has no impact on hemoglobin-oxygen interactions
• Higher temperatures promote oxygen release to tissues

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Question 60

What is the central mediator released from mast cells during an allergic reaction that plays a role in airway obstruction?

• Omega-3
• Eicosanoid
• Histamine
• Bradykinin
• Prostaglandins

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Question 61

FEV is decreased during an asthma attack.

• True
• False

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Question 62

Hyperventilation is irregular breathing that occurs when the lungs eliminate more ______ than the body can produce, causing ______.

• Carbon dioxide; acidosis
• Carbon dioxide; alkalosis
• Oxygen; alkalosis
• Lactic acid; acidosis
• Oxygen; acidosis

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Question 63

Corticosteroids are only used for long-term control of inflammation in asthmatic patients.

• True
• False

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Question 64

People that are most at-risk to develop asthma are:

• People of Mediterranean descent
• Teen boys
• Elementary-age girls
• Individuals with a strong family history

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Question 65

A patient is in the ER for an acute asthma attack, and prior to treatment, arterial blood gasses were taken. If the bronchodilators are working to increase airflow, which would be expected to occur with the pH?

• Stay the same
• pH will decrease
• Become more acidic
• pH will increase
• Become more alkalotic

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Question 66

According to Dalton’s law, how is the total pressure of a gas mixture determined?

• Answer: The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of all the individual gases in the mixture (Ptotal​=P1​+P2​+P3​…).

Question 71

Describe the key differences in lung pathology between pneumonia and emphysema, and how each condition leads to impaired gas exchange.

• Pneumonia: This is an acute infection where the alveoli fill with fluid, pus, and debris (consolidation). This impairs gas exchange by increasing the diffusion distance that oxygen must travel to reach the blood.
• Emphysema: This is a chronic condition involving the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity. This impairs gas exchange by decreasing the total surface area available for diffusion and causing air trapping.

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Question 72

How does second-hand smoke affect children in households with smokers?

• Increased risk of respiratory infections (like bronchitis and pneumonia).
• Higher frequency and severity of asthma attacks.
• Increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and chronic ear infections.