Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.

Question 1

Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.. What would happen if the interstitial fluid were not removed by the lymphatic vessels?

• Dehydration of tissues
• Edema and eventual collapse of the cardiovascular system
• Increased blood pressure
• Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

---

Question 2

About 3 liters of interstitial fluid is left behind in the tissues daily and collected by the lymphatic system.

• True
• False

---

Question 10

Medullary sinuses in the medulla are lymph-filled spaces where lymphocytes are activated.

• True
• False

---

Question 11

What does the white pulp of the spleen primarily contain?

• Lymphocytes for immune functions
• Venous sinuses
• Macrophages
• Erythrocytes

---

Question 12

A patient experiences an unusually slow recovery from blood loss following a traumatic injury. Tests show low platelet levels, and imaging reveals a damaged lymphatic organ in the abdomen. Which organ might be responsible for this issue?

• Thymus
• Spleen
• Peyer’s patches
• Red bone marrow

---

Question 13

What happens to the thymus during old age?

• It withers to a mass of fibrous-fatty tissue
• It becomes encapsulated and stores lymphocytes
• It divides into multiple smaller lobules
• It enlarges and becomes more active

---

Question 14

Which of the following is the proper pathway of lymph flow?

• Interstitial fluid → Lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic collecting vessels → Subclavian veins
• Interstitial flow → Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic ducts → Subclavian veins
• Interstitial fluid → Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic collecting vessels → Lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic ducts → Subclavian veins
• Interstitial fluid → Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic collecting vessels → Subclavian veins → Lymphatic trunks

---

Question 15

A patient presents with localized swelling in the right lower abdomen. Imaging shows a blockage in a lymphatic vessel responsible for draining the gastrointestinal region. Which lymphatic structure is likely involved? Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.

• Thoracic duct
• Subclavian vein
• Lymphatic capillaries
• Intestinal trunk

---

Question 16

The thoracic duct drains lymph from the left side of the abdomen.

• True
• False

---

Question 17

The specialized lymphatic capillaries in the intestine that absorb fats are called _______.

• Lacteals

---

Question 18

The _______ duct collects lymph from the most of the body, except the right upper quadrant.

• Thoracic

---

Question 19

The lymph nodes found in the armpit region, which filter lymph from the upper limbs, chest, and breast area, are called _______.

• Axillary lymph nodes

---

Question 20

What is the correct order of lymph flow through the lymphatic system?

• Lymphatic vessels → Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic ducts → Lymphatic trunks → Venous circulation
• Lymphatic ducts → Lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic vessels → Lymphatic capillaries → Venous circulation
• Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic vessels → Lymphatic ducts → Venous circulation
• Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic vessels → Lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic ducts → Venous circulation

---

Question 21

The _______ are a group of small lymphoid organs in the throat that help destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food.

• Lymph nodes
• Appendix
• Tonsils
• Peyer’s patches

---

Question 22

The two primary types of phagocytes in the immune system are _______ and neutrophils.

• Platelets
• Erythrocytes
• Basophils
• Macrophages

---

Question 23

Macrophages participate in both the innate immune response and assist with lymphocytes as part of the _______ immune response.

• Passive
• Chemical
• Adaptive
• Secondary

---

Question 24

Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that are attracted to infected tissues through a process called chemotaxis. Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.

• True
• False

---

Question 25

Perforins are protein-digested enzymes that enter infected cells and trigger apoptosis.

• True
• False

---

Question 26

_______ is produced by virus-infected cells to attract NK cells.

• Interferon beta
• Interferon alpha
• Interferon gamma
• Interleukin-1

---

Question 27

Certain subtypes of interleukins, called _______, raise the body’s set-point temperature in the hypothalamus during an infection. Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.

• Interferons
• Cytokines
• Perforins
• Pyrogens

---

Question 28

Antibodies are _______-shaped proteins that recognize, bind to, and help neutralize antigens.

• Circular
• X
• Spiral
• Y

---

Question 29

Poison ivy oils and certain drugs are examples of complete antigens.

• True
• False

---

Question 30

An antigenic determinant, also called an _______, is the specific region of an antigen that an antibody can bind to.

• Perforin
• Epitope
• Hapten
• Cytokine

---

Question 31

There are no mechanisms in place to prevent T and B cells from recognizing self-antigens.

• True
• False

---

Question 32

If an abnormal peptide or antigen is presented on a class I MHC molecule, _______ will activate to destroy the infected cell.

• Macrophages
• B cells
• Cytotoxic T cells
• Helper T cells

---

Question 33

B cells cannot present antigens to T cells and play no role in antibody responses.

• True Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.
• False

---

Question 34

Memory B cells lead to a stronger and faster secondary immune response compared to the primary response.

• True
• False

---

Question 35

Antibodies are glycoproteins composed of two types of polypeptide chains: the _______ chain and the _______ chain.

• Inner; Outer
• Primary; Secondary
• Heavy; Light
• Alpha; Beta

---

Question 36

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) kill target cells by inducing _______.

• Mitosis
• Apoptosis
• Phagocytosis Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.
• Endocytosis

---

Question 37

Uncontrolled clonal expansion during an immune response can lead to _______ diseases.

• Autoimmune
• Bacterial
• Fungal
• Viral

---

Question 38

HIV targets _______ cells, leading to immunocompromised individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections.

• Helper T
• B
• Neutrophil
• Cytotoxic T

---

Question 39

Passive immunity provides long-term protection because it involves the generation of memory cells.

• True
• False

---

Question 40

What is the primary function of helper T cells (Th​)?

• To clear pathogens through phagocytosis Portage Learning A&P. Module 4 Exam.
• To activate other immune cells, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells
• To produce antibodies
• To directly kill infected host cells

---

Question 41

What type of adaptive immunity is systemic and acts against pathogens through the production of antibodies by B cells?

• Cellular immunity
• Innate immunity
• Humoral immunity
• Non-specific immunity

---

Question 42

What is the term for the process by which a specific lymphocyte is selected to multiply and differentiate into a clone of cells that can react against a specific antigen?

• Clonal selection
• Clonal expansion
• Clonal deletion
• Clonal inactivation