Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM

Question 16

Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM. Identify the leukocyte in the image.

• Neutrophil
• Monocyte
• Eosinophil
• Lymphocyte
• Basophil

Question 17

A blood donor has Type AB⁻ blood. What types can they donate to?

• Type AB⁻ and Type AB⁺

Question 18

A lab technician working with patient blood samples accidentally spills one. A helpful coworker who just walked in the room from their break runs to help and immediately starts cleaning the spill with disinfectant that was on the lab bench. What precaution for handling blood was omitted by the healthcare worker?

• Wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as gloves.

Question 19

Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM. A blood sample contains A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma but no D antigen. What is the blood type?

• Type A⁻

Question 20

Plasma enables the formed elements in blood to ________ throughout the body within the cardiovascular system.

• Circulate
• Dissolve
• Settle
• Accumulate

Question 21

The formed elements in blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

• True
• False

Question 22

What is the role of albumin in maintaining blood pressure and volume?

• It increases the production of white blood cells
• It contributes to colloid osmotic pressure, drawing water back into the blood vessels
• It helps blood clot by binding to platelets
• It prevents the leakage of red blood cells into tissues

Question 23

The alpha and beta globulins are synthesized in the ________ and transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.

• Heart
• Kidneys
• Liver
• Spleen

Question 24

The endothelium releases local chemicals called ________ that can constrict smooth muscle in blood vessel walls to increase blood pressure.

• endorphins
• adrenalin
• endotoxins
• endothelins

Question 25

A single erythrocyte can transport up to ________ oxygen molecules.

• 1.2 billion
• 12 million
• 1.2 million
• 120 million

Question 26

About 75 percent of the CO2​ dissolves in the ________, and the remainder forms the bicarbonate ion.

• Plasma
• Lungs
• Tissues
• Blood cells

Question 27

In the large intestine, bacteria break down bilirubin from the bile and convert it to ________ and stercobilin.

• Biliverdin
• Albumin
• Urobilin Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM.
• Transferrin

Question 28

Agranular leukocytes include ________, which mature into macrophages, and lymphocytes.

• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Monocytes
• Neutrophils

Question 29

Neutrophils are the most common type of leukocyte and typically comprise 50-70 percent of the total leukocyte count.

• True
• False Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM.

Question 30

Basophils have small granules that appear dark blue and do not interfere with viewing the nucleus under a microscope.

• True
• False

Question 31

Which of the following is the largest of the leukocytes and is characterized by a horseshoe-shaped nucleus?

• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils

Question 32

Antibodies secreted by plasma cells mark pathogens for destruction by ________ cells. Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM.

• Red blood
• NK
• Phagocytic
• T-helper

Question 33

Platelets play a critical role in ________, the process of stopping blood flow after a vessel is damaged.

• Hematopoiesis
• Metabolism
• Immunity
• Hemostasis

Question 34

The coagulation cascade is called a cascade because one event triggers the next, like a multi-level waterfall.

• True
• False

Question 35

Elastin is not part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by fibroblasts during the wound healing process.

• True
• False

Question 36

Thrombin is a unique enzyme that functions in both the ________ and anti-coagulation cascades.

• Fibrinolysis
• Inflammation
• Coagulation
• Vasodilation

Question 37

________ is a short-acting anticoagulant released by basophils that also opposes prothrombin.

• Vitamin K
• Protein C
• Heparin
• Plasmin

Question 38

Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements, including erythrocytes, platelets, and ________, which gives rise to neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

• Hematopoietic stem cells
• Myeloblasts
• Osteoblasts
• Lymphoblasts

Question 39

What is the first step in the process of erythropoiesis?

• Ejection of the nucleus
• Hemoglobin accumulation
• Formation of mature erythrocytes
• Ribosome synthesis

Question 40

The oxygen-carrying components of the blood are ________. Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM

• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Question 41

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

• 120 days Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM.

Question 42

What hormone, released by the kidneys, stimulates the production of red blood cells?

• Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 40

How does an increase in blood viscosity affect circulation?

• It increases resistance and can raise blood pressure
• It decreases resistance, improving flow
• It has no significant effect on blood movement
• It only affect oxygen transport, not blood pressure

Question 41

What is the approximate pH range of blood in a healthy individual?

• 8.0 – 8.5
• 7.5 – 8.0
• 7.35 – 7.45
• 6.5 – 7.0

---

Question 43

A pulse oximeter measures percent saturation by using red and infrared light to assess oxygen levels in the blood.

• True
• False

Question 44

A patient with macrocytic red blood cells would have cells that are:

• Larger than normal
• Smaller than normal
• Irregularly shaped
• Normal in size

---

Question 45

A patient’s lab results show red blood cells with a decreased MCH value. How would these cells most likely appear under a microscope?

• Pale and less colored
• Darker than usual
• Brighter red
• Normal in color

Question 46

In cases of liver dysfunction, bilirubin accumulates in the body. What condition results from this accumulation?

• Jaundice

---

Question 47

If one of the steps of hemostasis fails, what is the most likely outcome?

• Faster clot formation
• Blood vessel dilation
• Increased platelet production
• Hemorrhage and excessive bleeding

Question 48

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a critical role in blood clotting because they:

• Function as essential cofactors in enzyme activation
• Act as an enzyme inhibitor
• Break down clotting factors
• Are not involved in the clotting process

---

Question 49

How is hemophilia typically treated?

• With regular factor replacement therapy
• By increasing iron levels in the blood
• With antibiotics to reduce infection risk
• By surgically removing affected blood vessels

Question 50

Vascular spasm, which occurs when a vessel is damaged, results in the contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel wall, helping to constrict blood flow.

• True
• False

---

Question 51

What major medical advancement made blood transfusions significantly safer?

• The development of synthetic blood substitutes
• The invention of blood storage techniques
• The introduction of advanced surgical procedures
• The discovery of blood groups

Question 52

Which of the following best explains how the blood maintains homeostasis in the body?

• By circulating nutrients continuously without regulation by any organs.
• By carrying carbon dioxide to the kidneys for processing instead of the lungs.
• By only delivering oxygen and leaving nutrient transporting to the nervous system.
• By transporting essential substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

---

Question 53

Which statement correctly describes the role of leukocytes?

• They attack bacteria and destroy infected cells.
• They regulate blood pressure.
• They primarily store nutrients for energy.
• They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 54

What is one way blood helps regulate homeostasis during cold weather?

• It transports more heat to the skin’s surface to keep it warm.
• It diverts away from the skin to maintain a warm core temperature.
• It releases more heat into the environment.
• It allows more sweating to cool the body.

---

Question 55

Fibrinogen, a plasma protein produced by the liver, plays a crucial role in which physiological process?

• Blood clotting
• Osmotic regulation
• Immune defense
• Oxygen transport

Question 56

Platelets are derived from which type of precursor cell? Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM

• Monocytes
• Erythrocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Megakaryocytes

---

Question 57

Which factor can transiently increase hematocrit levels?

• Excessive hydration
• Bone marrow suppression
• Dehydration
• Low oxygen levels at high altitudes

Question 58

Why do sickle cells cause circulation problems?

• They become stuck in capillaries due to their rigid, sickle shape.
• They dissolve too quickly in the bloodstream.
• They grow too large to pass through veins.
• They lack hemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport.

---

Question 59

Thalassemia affects only the shape of red blood cells but does not impact their ability to carry oxygen.

• True
• False Anatomy and Physiology MODULE 1 EXAM

Question 60

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes leukocytes from erythrocytes?

• Leukocytes remain in the bloodstream, whereas erythrocytes can leave the circulation.
• Leukocytes are the only formed elements that are complete cells with a nucleus and organelles.
• Leukocytes are smaller than erythrocytes and lack a nucleus.
• Leukocytes are more numerous than erythrocytes and have a longer lifespan.

---

Question 61

Which component of the blood vessel wall is primarily involved in initiating the hemostasis process?

• Collagen fibers
• Endothelial cells
• Elastin fibers
• Smooth muscle cells
• Basement membrane

Question 62

In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), patients typically have a decreased prothrombin time (PT) due to overconsumption of clotting factors.

• True
• False

---

Question 63

During which stage of hemostasis do activated platelets form a platelet plug at the site of the vascular injury?

• Aggregation
• Vasoconstriction
• Fibrinolysis
• Activation
• Adhesion

Question 64

Which coagulation pathway is triggered by the anionic surfaces like those in a test tube?

• Intrinsic pathway

---

Question 65

What are the smallest blood vessels in the body called?

• Capillaries

Question 66

What vitamin deficiency can contribute to liver-related bleeding disorders?

• Vitamin K

---

Question 67

Why is the extrinsic pathway faster than the intrinsic pathway?

• The extrinsic pathway is faster because it involves fewer steps and is directly triggered by Tissue Factor (Factor III), bypassing the longer cascade of the intrinsic pathway.

Question 68

What role does the platelet plug play in hemostasis?

• The platelet plug acts as a temporary seal that physically blocks the break in the blood vessel wall and provides a surface for further coagulation.

---

Question 69

Which hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?

• Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 70

A 60-year-old man with a history of chronic gastritis presents with fatigue and pallor. His lab tests show microcytic, hypochromic RBCs and low hemoglobin levels. What is the most likely cause of his anemia?

• Iron deficiency anemia

---

Question 71

How can an embolus lead to a life-threatening condition?

• An embolus can travel through the bloodstream and obstruct a narrow vessel (embolism), blocking blood flow to vital organs and causing tissue death.

Question 72

A patient with a compromised immune system is found to have a significantly low white blood cell count. What is the most likely diagnosis, and why does this increase their susceptibility to infections?

• The diagnosis is leukopenia. It increases susceptibility because the body lacks enough white blood cells to effectively identify and destroy pathogens.